你的问题不清楚你想要达到什么目的。但是，我从你们的两个例子中了解到的是，到期日应该和分期付款的延迟时间一样推后几个月。

甚至你的小提琴手场景也不清楚。有了这一点了解，我想出了下面的T-SQL来解决你的问题：

-- Schema generation
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[Payment](
    [InsNo] [int] PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,
    [ReceiptDate] [datetime] NULL,
    [ScheduledDate] [datetime] NULL,
    [ConsideredMonth] DATETIME NULL,
) ON [PRIMARY]

GO

INSERT INTO [Payment]([InsNo], [ReceiptDate], [ScheduledDate]) 
    VALUES(1, '2016-09-12 00:00:00', '2016-09-12 00:00:00');

INSERT INTO [Payment]([InsNo], [ReceiptDate], [ScheduledDate]) 
    VALUES(2, '2016-10-05 00:00:00', '2016-10-12 00:00:00');

INSERT INTO [Payment]([InsNo], [ReceiptDate], [ScheduledDate]) 
    VALUES(3, '2016-11-21 00:00:00', '2016-11-12 00:00:00');

INSERT INTO [Payment]([InsNo], [ReceiptDate], [ScheduledDate]) 
    VALUES(4, '2017-02-02 00:00:00', '2016-12-12 00:00:00');

INSERT INTO [Payment]([InsNo], [ReceiptDate], [ScheduledDate]) 
    VALUES(5, '2017-02-02 00:00:00', '2016-01-12 00:00:00');

INSERT INTO [Payment]([InsNo], [ReceiptDate], [ScheduledDate]) 
    VALUES(6, '2017-02-02 00:00:00', '2016-02-12 00:00:00');

INSERT INTO [Payment]([InsNo], [ReceiptDate], [ScheduledDate]) 
    VALUES(7, '2017-03-06 00:00:00', '2016-03-12 00:00:00');

INSERT INTO [Payment]([InsNo], [ReceiptDate], [ScheduledDate]) 
    VALUES(8, '2017-03-06 00:00:00', '2016-04-12 00:00:00');

INSERT INTO [Payment]([InsNo], [ReceiptDate], [ScheduledDate]) 
    VALUES(9, '2017-06-01 00:00:00', '2016-05-12 00:00:00');

INSERT INTO [Payment]([InsNo], [ReceiptDate], [ScheduledDate]) 
    VALUES(10, '2017-06-01 00:00:00', '2016-06-12 00:00:00');

GO

--   Solution using Cursor          
DECLARE @receiptDate DATETIME
        ,@lastInstForDate DATETIME
DECLARE @insNo INT

DECLARE _paymentsCursor CURSOR FAST_FORWARD
FOR
    SELECT p.InsNo
            ,p.ReceiptDate
    FROM   Payment p
    ORDER BY
            p.InsNo

OPEN _paymentsCursor

FETCH NEXT FROM _paymentsCursor INTO
    @insNo, @receiptDate
WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0
BEGIN
    SELECT @lastInstForDate = p.ConsideredMonth
    FROM   Payment p
    WHERE  p.InsNo = @insNo - 1

    IF DATEADD(MONTH ,1 ,@lastInstForDate) > @receiptDate
        UPDATE Payment
        SET ConsideredMonth      = DATEADD(MONTH ,1 ,@lastInstForDate)
        WHERE InsNo = @insNo
    ELSE
        UPDATE Payment
        SET    ConsideredMonth = CAST(CAST(YEAR(ReceiptDate) AS VARCHAR(4)) + RIGHT('0' + CAST(MONTH(ReceiptDate) AS VARCHAR(2)) ,2) + '01' AS DATETIME)
        WHERE  InsNo = @insNo

    FETCH NEXT FROM _paymentsCursor INTO
        @insNo, @receiptDate
END

CLOSE _paymentsCursor
DEALLOCATE _paymentsCursor


DECLARE @lastPaymentDate DATETIME

DECLARE @maturityDate DATETIME
SELECT @maturityDate = DATEADD(month, 1, MAX(p.ConsideredMonth)), @lastPaymentDate = MAX(p.ReceiptDate) FROM dbo.Payment p
SET @maturityDate = CAST(CAST(YEAR(@maturityDate) AS VARCHAR(4)) + RIGHT('0' + CAST(MONTH(@maturityDate) AS VARCHAR(2)) ,2) + RIGHT('0' + CAST(DAY(@lastPaymentDate) AS VARCHAR(2)) ,2) AS DATETIME)
SET @maturityDate = DATEADD(DAY, 1, @maturityDate)

SELECT @maturityDate