提问者:小点点

为什么Java打开连续的ints在增加的情况下运行得更快?


我正在研究一些需要高度优化的Java代码,因为它将运行在热函数中,在我的主程序逻辑的许多点调用。这段代码的一部分涉及将变量乘以上升为任意非负。获取乘积值的一种快速方法(编辑:但不是最快的方法,请参见下面的更新2)是在上执行:

double multiplyByPowerOfTen(final double d, final int exponent) {
   switch (exponent) {
      case 0:
         return d;
      case 1:
         return d*10;
      case 2:
         return d*100;
      // ... same pattern
      case 9:
         return d*1000000000;
      case 10:
         return d*10000000000L;
      // ... same pattern with long literals
      case 18:
         return d*1000000000000000000L;
      default:
         throw new ParseException("Unhandled power of ten " + power, 0);
   }
}

上面注释的省略号表示常量继续递增1,因此在上面的代码片段中实际上有19个语句中是否实际上需要所有10的幂,所以我运行了一些微基准测试,比较了使用该语句完成1000万次操作的时间与仅使用语句完成1000万次操作的时间(其中限制为9或更少,以避免破坏已缩减的和较多的语句实际上运行得更快。

突然,我尝试添加更多的常量增加而以连续方式添加的。)这些执行时间差异并不是非常显著:对于之间的随机,虚拟填充的语句在1.49秒内完成1,000万次执行,而未填充的版本在1.54秒内完成,每次执行总共节省了5ns。因此,从优化的角度来看,这种纠结于填充语句的事情并不值得。但是我仍然觉得奇怪和违反直觉的是,当更多的被添加到中时,它的执行速度不会变慢(或者最多维持恒定的O(1)时间)。

这些是我在对随机生成的值进行各种限制的情况下运行得到的结果。我没有将结果一直包含到限制的,但是曲线的一般形状保持不变,在12-17case标记周围有一个脊,在18-28case标记之间有一个谷。所有的测试都是在JUnitBenchmarks中运行的,使用随机值的共享容器来确保相同的测试输入。我还按照从最长的语句到最短的顺序运行测试,反之亦然,以尝试消除与排序相关的测试问题的可能性。如果有人想要复制这些结果,我已经把我的测试代码放到了github repo上。

那么,这是怎么回事?我的架构或微基准构建的一些变幻莫测之处?或者,Java范围内的执行速度真的比在范围内的执行速度快一点吗?

github测试回购“切换-实验”

更新:我对基准测试库进行了大量的清理,并在/results中添加了一个文本文件,其中包含更大范围的值的一些输出。我还在测试代码中添加了一个选项,不从抛出,但这似乎不会影响结果。

更新2:在2009年的xkcd论坛上找到了一些关于这个问题的很好的讨论:http://forums.xkcd.com/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=33524。Ops关于使用的讨论给了我一个简单的基于数组的实现上面的指数模式的想法。因为我知道中的条目是什么,所以不需要进行二进制搜索。它的运行速度似乎比使用快3倍左右,这显然是以牺牲提供的一些控制流为代价的。该代码也被添加到github回购中。


共3个答案

匿名用户

正如另一个答案所指出的,因为case值是连续的(与sparse相反),为您的各种测试生成的字节码使用一个开关表(字节码指令

然而,一旦JIT启动其作业并将字节码编译为汇编,指令并不总是产生一个指针数组:有时开关表被转换为类似于的内容(类似于结构)。

null

使用18这个神奇数字的原因似乎归结为JVM标志的默认值(代码中第352行附近)。

我已经在热点编译器列表上提出了这个问题,它似乎是过去测试的遗留问题。请注意,在执行了更多的基准测试之后,JDK8中已经删除了这个默认值。

最后,当方法变得太长时(&>在我的测试中有25种情况),它不再内联默认的JVM设置--这是此时性能下降的最有可能的原因。

在5种情况下,反编译的代码如下所示(请注意CMP/JE/JG/JMP指令,IF/GOTO):

[Verified Entry Point]
  # {method} 'multiplyByPowerOfTen' '(DI)D' in 'javaapplication4/Test1'
  # parm0:    xmm0:xmm0   = double
  # parm1:    rdx       = int
  #           [sp+0x20]  (sp of caller)
  0x00000000024f0160: mov    DWORD PTR [rsp-0x6000],eax
                                                ;   {no_reloc}
  0x00000000024f0167: push   rbp
  0x00000000024f0168: sub    rsp,0x10           ;*synchronization entry
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@-1 (line 56)
  0x00000000024f016c: cmp    edx,0x3
  0x00000000024f016f: je     0x00000000024f01c3
  0x00000000024f0171: cmp    edx,0x3
  0x00000000024f0174: jg     0x00000000024f01a5
  0x00000000024f0176: cmp    edx,0x1
  0x00000000024f0179: je     0x00000000024f019b
  0x00000000024f017b: cmp    edx,0x1
  0x00000000024f017e: jg     0x00000000024f0191
  0x00000000024f0180: test   edx,edx
  0x00000000024f0182: je     0x00000000024f01cb
  0x00000000024f0184: mov    ebp,edx
  0x00000000024f0186: mov    edx,0x17
  0x00000000024f018b: call   0x00000000024c90a0  ; OopMap{off=48}
                                                ;*new  ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@72 (line 83)
                                                ;   {runtime_call}
  0x00000000024f0190: int3                      ;*new  ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@72 (line 83)
  0x00000000024f0191: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xffffffffffffffa7]        # 0x00000000024f0140
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@52 (line 62)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x00000000024f0199: jmp    0x00000000024f01cb
  0x00000000024f019b: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xffffffffffffff8d]        # 0x00000000024f0130
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@46 (line 60)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x00000000024f01a3: jmp    0x00000000024f01cb
  0x00000000024f01a5: cmp    edx,0x5
  0x00000000024f01a8: je     0x00000000024f01b9
  0x00000000024f01aa: cmp    edx,0x5
  0x00000000024f01ad: jg     0x00000000024f0184  ;*tableswitch
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@1 (line 56)
  0x00000000024f01af: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xffffffffffffff81]        # 0x00000000024f0138
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@64 (line 66)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x00000000024f01b7: jmp    0x00000000024f01cb
  0x00000000024f01b9: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xffffffffffffff67]        # 0x00000000024f0128
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@70 (line 68)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x00000000024f01c1: jmp    0x00000000024f01cb
  0x00000000024f01c3: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xffffffffffffff55]        # 0x00000000024f0120
                                                ;*tableswitch
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@1 (line 56)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x00000000024f01cb: add    rsp,0x10
  0x00000000024f01cf: pop    rbp
  0x00000000024f01d0: test   DWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffdf3fe2a],eax        # 0x0000000000430000
                                                ;   {poll_return}
  0x00000000024f01d6: ret    

对于18种情况,程序集如下所示(请注意使用的指针数组,该数组消除了所有比较的需要:直接跳转到右乘法)--这可能是性能提高的原因:

[Verified Entry Point]
  # {method} 'multiplyByPowerOfTen' '(DI)D' in 'javaapplication4/Test1'
  # parm0:    xmm0:xmm0   = double
  # parm1:    rdx       = int
  #           [sp+0x20]  (sp of caller)
  0x000000000287fe20: mov    DWORD PTR [rsp-0x6000],eax
                                                ;   {no_reloc}
  0x000000000287fe27: push   rbp
  0x000000000287fe28: sub    rsp,0x10           ;*synchronization entry
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@-1 (line 56)
  0x000000000287fe2c: cmp    edx,0x13
  0x000000000287fe2f: jae    0x000000000287fe46
  0x000000000287fe31: movsxd r10,edx
  0x000000000287fe34: shl    r10,0x3
  0x000000000287fe38: movabs r8,0x287fd70       ;   {section_word}
  0x000000000287fe42: jmp    QWORD PTR [r8+r10*1]  ;*tableswitch
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@1 (line 56)
  0x000000000287fe46: mov    ebp,edx
  0x000000000287fe48: mov    edx,0x31
  0x000000000287fe4d: xchg   ax,ax
  0x000000000287fe4f: call   0x00000000028590a0  ; OopMap{off=52}
                                                ;*new  ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@202 (line 96)
                                                ;   {runtime_call}
  0x000000000287fe54: int3                      ;*new  ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@202 (line 96)
  0x000000000287fe55: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe8b]        # 0x000000000287fce8
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@194 (line 92)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x000000000287fe5d: jmp    0x000000000287ff16
  0x000000000287fe62: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe86]        # 0x000000000287fcf0
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@188 (line 90)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x000000000287fe6a: jmp    0x000000000287ff16
  0x000000000287fe6f: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe81]        # 0x000000000287fcf8
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@182 (line 88)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x000000000287fe77: jmp    0x000000000287ff16
  0x000000000287fe7c: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe7c]        # 0x000000000287fd00
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@176 (line 86)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x000000000287fe84: jmp    0x000000000287ff16
  0x000000000287fe89: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe77]        # 0x000000000287fd08
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@170 (line 84)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x000000000287fe91: jmp    0x000000000287ff16
  0x000000000287fe96: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe72]        # 0x000000000287fd10
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@164 (line 82)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x000000000287fe9e: jmp    0x000000000287ff16
  0x000000000287fea0: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe70]        # 0x000000000287fd18
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@158 (line 80)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x000000000287fea8: jmp    0x000000000287ff16
  0x000000000287feaa: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe6e]        # 0x000000000287fd20
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@152 (line 78)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x000000000287feb2: jmp    0x000000000287ff16
  0x000000000287feb4: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe24]        # 0x000000000287fce0
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@146 (line 76)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x000000000287febc: jmp    0x000000000287ff16
  0x000000000287febe: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe6a]        # 0x000000000287fd30
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@140 (line 74)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x000000000287fec6: jmp    0x000000000287ff16
  0x000000000287fec8: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe68]        # 0x000000000287fd38
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@134 (line 72)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x000000000287fed0: jmp    0x000000000287ff16
  0x000000000287fed2: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe66]        # 0x000000000287fd40
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@128 (line 70)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x000000000287feda: jmp    0x000000000287ff16
  0x000000000287fedc: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe64]        # 0x000000000287fd48
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@122 (line 68)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x000000000287fee4: jmp    0x000000000287ff16
  0x000000000287fee6: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe62]        # 0x000000000287fd50
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@116 (line 66)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x000000000287feee: jmp    0x000000000287ff16
  0x000000000287fef0: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe60]        # 0x000000000287fd58
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@110 (line 64)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x000000000287fef8: jmp    0x000000000287ff16
  0x000000000287fefa: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe5e]        # 0x000000000287fd60
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@104 (line 62)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x000000000287ff02: jmp    0x000000000287ff16
  0x000000000287ff04: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe5c]        # 0x000000000287fd68
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@98 (line 60)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x000000000287ff0c: jmp    0x000000000287ff16
  0x000000000287ff0e: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe12]        # 0x000000000287fd28
                                                ;*tableswitch
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@1 (line 56)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x000000000287ff16: add    rsp,0x10
  0x000000000287ff1a: pop    rbp
  0x000000000287ff1b: test   DWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffd9b00df],eax        # 0x0000000000230000
                                                ;   {poll_return}
  0x000000000287ff21: ret    

null

[Verified Entry Point]
  # {method} 'multiplyByPowerOfTen' '(DI)D' in 'javaapplication4/Test1'
  # parm0:    xmm0:xmm0   = double
  # parm1:    rdx       = int
  #           [sp+0x20]  (sp of caller)
  0x0000000002524560: mov    DWORD PTR [rsp-0x6000],eax
                                                ;   {no_reloc}
  0x0000000002524567: push   rbp
  0x0000000002524568: sub    rsp,0x10           ;*synchronization entry
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@-1 (line 56)
  0x000000000252456c: movapd xmm1,xmm0
  0x0000000002524570: cmp    edx,0x1f
  0x0000000002524573: jae    0x0000000002524592  ;*tableswitch
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@1 (line 56)
  0x0000000002524575: movsxd r10,edx
  0x0000000002524578: shl    r10,0x3
  0x000000000252457c: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe3c]        # 0x00000000025243c0
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@364 (line 118)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x0000000002524584: movabs r8,0x2524450       ;   {section_word}
  0x000000000252458e: jmp    QWORD PTR [r8+r10*1]  ;*tableswitch
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@1 (line 56)
  0x0000000002524592: mov    ebp,edx
  0x0000000002524594: mov    edx,0x31
  0x0000000002524599: xchg   ax,ax
  0x000000000252459b: call   0x00000000024f90a0  ; OopMap{off=64}
                                                ;*new  ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@370 (line 120)
                                                ;   {runtime_call}
  0x00000000025245a0: int3                      ;*new  ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@370 (line 120)
  0x00000000025245a1: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe27]        # 0x00000000025243d0
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@358 (line 116)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x00000000025245a9: jmp    0x0000000002524744
  0x00000000025245ae: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe22]        # 0x00000000025243d8
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@348 (line 114)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x00000000025245b6: jmp    0x0000000002524744
  0x00000000025245bb: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe1d]        # 0x00000000025243e0
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@338 (line 112)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x00000000025245c3: jmp    0x0000000002524744
  0x00000000025245c8: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe18]        # 0x00000000025243e8
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@328 (line 110)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x00000000025245d0: jmp    0x0000000002524744
  0x00000000025245d5: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe13]        # 0x00000000025243f0
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@318 (line 108)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x00000000025245dd: jmp    0x0000000002524744
  0x00000000025245e2: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe0e]        # 0x00000000025243f8
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@308 (line 106)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x00000000025245ea: jmp    0x0000000002524744
  0x00000000025245ef: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe09]        # 0x0000000002524400
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@298 (line 104)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x00000000025245f7: jmp    0x0000000002524744
  0x00000000025245fc: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe04]        # 0x0000000002524408
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@288 (line 102)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x0000000002524604: jmp    0x0000000002524744
  0x0000000002524609: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffdff]        # 0x0000000002524410
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@278 (line 100)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x0000000002524611: jmp    0x0000000002524744
  0x0000000002524616: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffdfa]        # 0x0000000002524418
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@268 (line 98)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x000000000252461e: jmp    0x0000000002524744
  0x0000000002524623: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffd9d]        # 0x00000000025243c8
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@258 (line 96)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x000000000252462b: jmp    0x0000000002524744
  0x0000000002524630: movapd xmm0,xmm1
  0x0000000002524634: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe0c]        # 0x0000000002524448
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@242 (line 92)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x000000000252463c: jmp    0x0000000002524744
  0x0000000002524641: movapd xmm0,xmm1
  0x0000000002524645: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffddb]        # 0x0000000002524428
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@236 (line 90)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x000000000252464d: jmp    0x0000000002524744
  0x0000000002524652: movapd xmm0,xmm1
  0x0000000002524656: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffdd2]        # 0x0000000002524430
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@230 (line 88)
                                                ;   {section_word}
  0x000000000252465e: jmp    0x0000000002524744
  0x0000000002524663: movapd xmm0,xmm1
  0x0000000002524667: mulsd  xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffdc9]        # 0x0000000002524438
                                                ;*dmul
                                                ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@224 (line 86)
                                                ;   {section_word}

[etc.]

  0x0000000002524744: add    rsp,0x10
  0x0000000002524748: pop    rbp
  0x0000000002524749: test   DWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffde1b8b1],eax        # 0x0000000000340000
                                                ;   {poll_return}
  0x000000000252474f: ret    

匿名用户

null

case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
..
..
case n:

因为,在这种情况下,编译器可以避免对switch语句中的每个case分支执行比较。编译器生成一个跳转表,其中包含在不同腿上要采取的操作的地址。操作正在对其执行切换的值,以将其转换为中的索引。在此实现中,switch语句所用的时间比等效的if-else-if语句级联所用的时间要少得多。另外,switch语句中所用的时间与switch语句中的case腿数无关。

如wikipedia在编译部分中关于switch语句所述。br>

如果输入值的范围是可识别的“小”,并且只有几个间隙,那么一些包含优化器的编译器实际上可能会将switch语句实现为分支表或索引函数指针数组,而不是一系列冗长的条件指令。这允许switch语句立即确定要执行什么分支,而不必经过一系列比较。

匿名用户

答案就在字节码中:

SwitchTest10.java

public class SwitchTest10 {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int n = 0;

        switcher(n);
    }

    public static void switcher(int n) {
        switch(n) {
            case 0: System.out.println(0);
                    break;

            case 1: System.out.println(1);
                    break;

            case 2: System.out.println(2);
                    break;

            case 3: System.out.println(3);
                    break;

            case 4: System.out.println(4);
                    break;

            case 5: System.out.println(5);
                    break;

            case 6: System.out.println(6);
                    break;

            case 7: System.out.println(7);
                    break;

            case 8: System.out.println(8);
                    break;

            case 9: System.out.println(9);
                    break;

            case 10: System.out.println(10);
                    break;

            default: System.out.println("test");
        }
    }       
}

对应字节码;仅显示相关零件:

public static void switcher(int);
  Code:
   0:   iload_0
   1:   tableswitch{ //0 to 10
        0: 60;
        1: 70;
        2: 80;
        3: 90;
        4: 100;
        5: 110;
        6: 120;
        7: 131;
        8: 142;
        9: 153;
        10: 164;
        default: 175 }

SwitchTest22.java:

public class SwitchTest22 {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int n = 0;

        switcher(n);
    }

    public static void switcher(int n) {
        switch(n) {
            case 0: System.out.println(0);
                    break;

            case 1: System.out.println(1);
                    break;

            case 2: System.out.println(2);
                    break;

            case 3: System.out.println(3);
                    break;

            case 4: System.out.println(4);
                    break;

            case 5: System.out.println(5);
                    break;

            case 6: System.out.println(6);
                    break;

            case 7: System.out.println(7);
                    break;

            case 8: System.out.println(8);
                    break;

            case 9: System.out.println(9);
                    break;

            case 100: System.out.println(10);
                    break;

            case 110: System.out.println(10);
                    break;
            case 120: System.out.println(10);
                    break;
            case 130: System.out.println(10);
                    break;
            case 140: System.out.println(10);
                    break;
            case 150: System.out.println(10);
                    break;
            case 160: System.out.println(10);
                    break;
            case 170: System.out.println(10);
                    break;
            case 180: System.out.println(10);
                    break;
            case 190: System.out.println(10);
                    break;
            case 200: System.out.println(10);
                    break;
            case 210: System.out.println(10);
                    break;

            case 220: System.out.println(10);
                    break;

            default: System.out.println("test");
        }
    }       
}

对应字节码;同样,仅显示相关部件:

public static void switcher(int);
  Code:
   0:   iload_0
   1:   lookupswitch{ //23
        0: 196;
        1: 206;
        2: 216;
        3: 226;
        4: 236;
        5: 246;
        6: 256;
        7: 267;
        8: 278;
        9: 289;
        100: 300;
        110: 311;
        120: 322;
        130: 333;
        140: 344;
        150: 355;
        160: 366;
        170: 377;
        180: 388;
        190: 399;
        200: 410;
        210: 421;
        220: 432;
        default: 443 }

在第一种情况下,对于窄范围,编译后的字节码使用。在第二种情况下,编译后的字节码使用

中,堆栈顶部的整数值用于索引到表中,以查找分支/跳转目标。然后立即执行跳转/分支。因此,这是一个操作。

更复杂。在这种情况下,需要将整数值与表中的所有键进行比较,直到找到正确的键。找到键后,将使用分支/跳转目标(此键映射到的)进行跳转。对中使用的表进行排序,可以使用二进制搜索算法来查找正确的键。二分搜索的性能是,整个过程也是,因为跳转仍然是。因此,在稀疏范围的情况下性能较低的原因是,必须首先查找正确的键,因为您不能直接索引到表中。

如果存在稀疏值,并且您只有一个可使用,那么表实际上将包含指向选项的虚拟条目。例如,假设中的最后一个条目是而不是,则得到:

public static void switcher(int);
  Code:
   0:   iload_0
   1:   tableswitch{ //0 to 21
        0: 104;
        1: 114;
        2: 124;
        3: 134;
        4: 144;
        5: 154;
        6: 164;
        7: 175;
        8: 186;
        9: 197;
        10: 219;
        11: 219;
        12: 219;
        13: 219;
        14: 219;
        15: 219;
        16: 219;
        17: 219;
        18: 219;
        19: 219;
        20: 219;
        21: 208;
        default: 219 }

所以编译器基本上创建了这个巨大的表,其中包含间隙之间的虚拟条目,指向指令的分支目标。即使没有,它也会包含指向开关块后面指令的条目。我做了一些基本测试,我发现如果最后一个索引和前一个索引(code9/code>)之间的差距大于,它就使用而不是

语句的行为在Java虚拟机规范(3.10)中定义:

在开关的事例稀疏的情况下,tableswitch指令的表表示在空间方面变得低效。可以使用lookupswitch指令代替。lookupswitch指令将int键(case标签的值)与表中的目标偏移量配对。当执行lookupswitch指令时,开关表达式的值与表中的键进行比较。如果其中一个键与表达式的值匹配,则在关联的目标偏移量处继续执行。如果没有匹配的键,则在默认目标处继续执行。[...]