我正在研究一些需要高度优化的Java代码,因为它将运行在热函数中,在我的主程序逻辑的许多点调用。这段代码的一部分涉及将
double multiplyByPowerOfTen(final double d, final int exponent) {
switch (exponent) {
case 0:
return d;
case 1:
return d*10;
case 2:
return d*100;
// ... same pattern
case 9:
return d*1000000000;
case 10:
return d*10000000000L;
// ... same pattern with long literals
case 18:
return d*1000000000000000000L;
default:
throw new ParseException("Unhandled power of ten " + power, 0);
}
}
上面注释的省略号表示
突然,我尝试添加更多的
这些是我在对随机生成的
那么,这是怎么回事?我的架构或微基准构建的一些变幻莫测之处?或者,Java
github测试回购“切换-实验”
更新:我对基准测试库进行了大量的清理,并在/results中添加了一个文本文件,其中包含更大范围的
更新2:在2009年的xkcd论坛上找到了一些关于这个问题的很好的讨论:http://forums.xkcd.com/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=33524。Ops关于使用
正如另一个答案所指出的,因为case值是连续的(与sparse相反),为您的各种测试生成的字节码使用一个开关表(字节码指令 然而,一旦JIT启动其作业并将字节码编译为汇编, null 使用18这个神奇数字的原因似乎归结为 我已经在热点编译器列表上提出了这个问题,它似乎是过去测试的遗留问题。请注意,在执行了更多的基准测试之后,JDK8中已经删除了这个默认值。 最后,当方法变得太长时(&>在我的测试中有25种情况),它不再内联默认的JVM设置--这是此时性能下降的最有可能的原因。 在5种情况下,反编译的代码如下所示(请注意CMP/JE/JG/JMP指令,IF/GOTO): 对于18种情况,程序集如下所示(请注意使用的指针数组,该数组消除了所有比较的需要: null[Verified Entry Point]
# {method} 'multiplyByPowerOfTen' '(DI)D' in 'javaapplication4/Test1'
# parm0: xmm0:xmm0 = double
# parm1: rdx = int
# [sp+0x20] (sp of caller)
0x00000000024f0160: mov DWORD PTR [rsp-0x6000],eax
; {no_reloc}
0x00000000024f0167: push rbp
0x00000000024f0168: sub rsp,0x10 ;*synchronization entry
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@-1 (line 56)
0x00000000024f016c: cmp edx,0x3
0x00000000024f016f: je 0x00000000024f01c3
0x00000000024f0171: cmp edx,0x3
0x00000000024f0174: jg 0x00000000024f01a5
0x00000000024f0176: cmp edx,0x1
0x00000000024f0179: je 0x00000000024f019b
0x00000000024f017b: cmp edx,0x1
0x00000000024f017e: jg 0x00000000024f0191
0x00000000024f0180: test edx,edx
0x00000000024f0182: je 0x00000000024f01cb
0x00000000024f0184: mov ebp,edx
0x00000000024f0186: mov edx,0x17
0x00000000024f018b: call 0x00000000024c90a0 ; OopMap{off=48}
;*new ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@72 (line 83)
; {runtime_call}
0x00000000024f0190: int3 ;*new ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@72 (line 83)
0x00000000024f0191: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xffffffffffffffa7] # 0x00000000024f0140
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@52 (line 62)
; {section_word}
0x00000000024f0199: jmp 0x00000000024f01cb
0x00000000024f019b: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xffffffffffffff8d] # 0x00000000024f0130
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@46 (line 60)
; {section_word}
0x00000000024f01a3: jmp 0x00000000024f01cb
0x00000000024f01a5: cmp edx,0x5
0x00000000024f01a8: je 0x00000000024f01b9
0x00000000024f01aa: cmp edx,0x5
0x00000000024f01ad: jg 0x00000000024f0184 ;*tableswitch
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@1 (line 56)
0x00000000024f01af: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xffffffffffffff81] # 0x00000000024f0138
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@64 (line 66)
; {section_word}
0x00000000024f01b7: jmp 0x00000000024f01cb
0x00000000024f01b9: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xffffffffffffff67] # 0x00000000024f0128
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@70 (line 68)
; {section_word}
0x00000000024f01c1: jmp 0x00000000024f01cb
0x00000000024f01c3: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xffffffffffffff55] # 0x00000000024f0120
;*tableswitch
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@1 (line 56)
; {section_word}
0x00000000024f01cb: add rsp,0x10
0x00000000024f01cf: pop rbp
0x00000000024f01d0: test DWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffdf3fe2a],eax # 0x0000000000430000
; {poll_return}
0x00000000024f01d6: ret
[Verified Entry Point]
# {method} 'multiplyByPowerOfTen' '(DI)D' in 'javaapplication4/Test1'
# parm0: xmm0:xmm0 = double
# parm1: rdx = int
# [sp+0x20] (sp of caller)
0x000000000287fe20: mov DWORD PTR [rsp-0x6000],eax
; {no_reloc}
0x000000000287fe27: push rbp
0x000000000287fe28: sub rsp,0x10 ;*synchronization entry
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@-1 (line 56)
0x000000000287fe2c: cmp edx,0x13
0x000000000287fe2f: jae 0x000000000287fe46
0x000000000287fe31: movsxd r10,edx
0x000000000287fe34: shl r10,0x3
0x000000000287fe38: movabs r8,0x287fd70 ; {section_word}
0x000000000287fe42: jmp QWORD PTR [r8+r10*1] ;*tableswitch
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@1 (line 56)
0x000000000287fe46: mov ebp,edx
0x000000000287fe48: mov edx,0x31
0x000000000287fe4d: xchg ax,ax
0x000000000287fe4f: call 0x00000000028590a0 ; OopMap{off=52}
;*new ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@202 (line 96)
; {runtime_call}
0x000000000287fe54: int3 ;*new ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@202 (line 96)
0x000000000287fe55: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe8b] # 0x000000000287fce8
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@194 (line 92)
; {section_word}
0x000000000287fe5d: jmp 0x000000000287ff16
0x000000000287fe62: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe86] # 0x000000000287fcf0
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@188 (line 90)
; {section_word}
0x000000000287fe6a: jmp 0x000000000287ff16
0x000000000287fe6f: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe81] # 0x000000000287fcf8
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@182 (line 88)
; {section_word}
0x000000000287fe77: jmp 0x000000000287ff16
0x000000000287fe7c: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe7c] # 0x000000000287fd00
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@176 (line 86)
; {section_word}
0x000000000287fe84: jmp 0x000000000287ff16
0x000000000287fe89: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe77] # 0x000000000287fd08
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@170 (line 84)
; {section_word}
0x000000000287fe91: jmp 0x000000000287ff16
0x000000000287fe96: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe72] # 0x000000000287fd10
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@164 (line 82)
; {section_word}
0x000000000287fe9e: jmp 0x000000000287ff16
0x000000000287fea0: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe70] # 0x000000000287fd18
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@158 (line 80)
; {section_word}
0x000000000287fea8: jmp 0x000000000287ff16
0x000000000287feaa: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe6e] # 0x000000000287fd20
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@152 (line 78)
; {section_word}
0x000000000287feb2: jmp 0x000000000287ff16
0x000000000287feb4: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe24] # 0x000000000287fce0
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@146 (line 76)
; {section_word}
0x000000000287febc: jmp 0x000000000287ff16
0x000000000287febe: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe6a] # 0x000000000287fd30
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@140 (line 74)
; {section_word}
0x000000000287fec6: jmp 0x000000000287ff16
0x000000000287fec8: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe68] # 0x000000000287fd38
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@134 (line 72)
; {section_word}
0x000000000287fed0: jmp 0x000000000287ff16
0x000000000287fed2: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe66] # 0x000000000287fd40
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@128 (line 70)
; {section_word}
0x000000000287feda: jmp 0x000000000287ff16
0x000000000287fedc: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe64] # 0x000000000287fd48
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@122 (line 68)
; {section_word}
0x000000000287fee4: jmp 0x000000000287ff16
0x000000000287fee6: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe62] # 0x000000000287fd50
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@116 (line 66)
; {section_word}
0x000000000287feee: jmp 0x000000000287ff16
0x000000000287fef0: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe60] # 0x000000000287fd58
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@110 (line 64)
; {section_word}
0x000000000287fef8: jmp 0x000000000287ff16
0x000000000287fefa: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe5e] # 0x000000000287fd60
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@104 (line 62)
; {section_word}
0x000000000287ff02: jmp 0x000000000287ff16
0x000000000287ff04: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe5c] # 0x000000000287fd68
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@98 (line 60)
; {section_word}
0x000000000287ff0c: jmp 0x000000000287ff16
0x000000000287ff0e: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe12] # 0x000000000287fd28
;*tableswitch
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@1 (line 56)
; {section_word}
0x000000000287ff16: add rsp,0x10
0x000000000287ff1a: pop rbp
0x000000000287ff1b: test DWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffd9b00df],eax # 0x0000000000230000
; {poll_return}
0x000000000287ff21: ret
[Verified Entry Point]
# {method} 'multiplyByPowerOfTen' '(DI)D' in 'javaapplication4/Test1'
# parm0: xmm0:xmm0 = double
# parm1: rdx = int
# [sp+0x20] (sp of caller)
0x0000000002524560: mov DWORD PTR [rsp-0x6000],eax
; {no_reloc}
0x0000000002524567: push rbp
0x0000000002524568: sub rsp,0x10 ;*synchronization entry
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@-1 (line 56)
0x000000000252456c: movapd xmm1,xmm0
0x0000000002524570: cmp edx,0x1f
0x0000000002524573: jae 0x0000000002524592 ;*tableswitch
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@1 (line 56)
0x0000000002524575: movsxd r10,edx
0x0000000002524578: shl r10,0x3
0x000000000252457c: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe3c] # 0x00000000025243c0
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@364 (line 118)
; {section_word}
0x0000000002524584: movabs r8,0x2524450 ; {section_word}
0x000000000252458e: jmp QWORD PTR [r8+r10*1] ;*tableswitch
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@1 (line 56)
0x0000000002524592: mov ebp,edx
0x0000000002524594: mov edx,0x31
0x0000000002524599: xchg ax,ax
0x000000000252459b: call 0x00000000024f90a0 ; OopMap{off=64}
;*new ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@370 (line 120)
; {runtime_call}
0x00000000025245a0: int3 ;*new ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@370 (line 120)
0x00000000025245a1: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe27] # 0x00000000025243d0
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@358 (line 116)
; {section_word}
0x00000000025245a9: jmp 0x0000000002524744
0x00000000025245ae: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe22] # 0x00000000025243d8
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@348 (line 114)
; {section_word}
0x00000000025245b6: jmp 0x0000000002524744
0x00000000025245bb: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe1d] # 0x00000000025243e0
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@338 (line 112)
; {section_word}
0x00000000025245c3: jmp 0x0000000002524744
0x00000000025245c8: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe18] # 0x00000000025243e8
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@328 (line 110)
; {section_word}
0x00000000025245d0: jmp 0x0000000002524744
0x00000000025245d5: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe13] # 0x00000000025243f0
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@318 (line 108)
; {section_word}
0x00000000025245dd: jmp 0x0000000002524744
0x00000000025245e2: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe0e] # 0x00000000025243f8
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@308 (line 106)
; {section_word}
0x00000000025245ea: jmp 0x0000000002524744
0x00000000025245ef: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe09] # 0x0000000002524400
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@298 (line 104)
; {section_word}
0x00000000025245f7: jmp 0x0000000002524744
0x00000000025245fc: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe04] # 0x0000000002524408
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@288 (line 102)
; {section_word}
0x0000000002524604: jmp 0x0000000002524744
0x0000000002524609: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffdff] # 0x0000000002524410
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@278 (line 100)
; {section_word}
0x0000000002524611: jmp 0x0000000002524744
0x0000000002524616: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffdfa] # 0x0000000002524418
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@268 (line 98)
; {section_word}
0x000000000252461e: jmp 0x0000000002524744
0x0000000002524623: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffd9d] # 0x00000000025243c8
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@258 (line 96)
; {section_word}
0x000000000252462b: jmp 0x0000000002524744
0x0000000002524630: movapd xmm0,xmm1
0x0000000002524634: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe0c] # 0x0000000002524448
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@242 (line 92)
; {section_word}
0x000000000252463c: jmp 0x0000000002524744
0x0000000002524641: movapd xmm0,xmm1
0x0000000002524645: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffddb] # 0x0000000002524428
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@236 (line 90)
; {section_word}
0x000000000252464d: jmp 0x0000000002524744
0x0000000002524652: movapd xmm0,xmm1
0x0000000002524656: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffdd2] # 0x0000000002524430
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@230 (line 88)
; {section_word}
0x000000000252465e: jmp 0x0000000002524744
0x0000000002524663: movapd xmm0,xmm1
0x0000000002524667: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffdc9] # 0x0000000002524438
;*dmul
; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@224 (line 86)
; {section_word}
[etc.]
0x0000000002524744: add rsp,0x10
0x0000000002524748: pop rbp
0x0000000002524749: test DWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffde1b8b1],eax # 0x0000000000340000
; {poll_return}
0x000000000252474f: ret
null
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
..
..
case n:
因为,在这种情况下,编译器可以避免对switch语句中的每个case分支执行比较。编译器生成一个跳转表,其中包含在不同腿上要采取的操作的地址。操作正在对其执行切换的值,以将其转换为
如wikipedia在编译部分中关于switch语句所述。br>
如果输入值的范围是可识别的“小”,并且只有几个间隙,那么一些包含优化器的编译器实际上可能会将switch语句实现为分支表或索引函数指针数组,而不是一系列冗长的条件指令。这允许switch语句立即确定要执行什么分支,而不必经过一系列比较。
答案就在字节码中:
SwitchTest10.java
public class SwitchTest10 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int n = 0;
switcher(n);
}
public static void switcher(int n) {
switch(n) {
case 0: System.out.println(0);
break;
case 1: System.out.println(1);
break;
case 2: System.out.println(2);
break;
case 3: System.out.println(3);
break;
case 4: System.out.println(4);
break;
case 5: System.out.println(5);
break;
case 6: System.out.println(6);
break;
case 7: System.out.println(7);
break;
case 8: System.out.println(8);
break;
case 9: System.out.println(9);
break;
case 10: System.out.println(10);
break;
default: System.out.println("test");
}
}
}
对应字节码;仅显示相关零件:
public static void switcher(int);
Code:
0: iload_0
1: tableswitch{ //0 to 10
0: 60;
1: 70;
2: 80;
3: 90;
4: 100;
5: 110;
6: 120;
7: 131;
8: 142;
9: 153;
10: 164;
default: 175 }
SwitchTest22.java:
public class SwitchTest22 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int n = 0;
switcher(n);
}
public static void switcher(int n) {
switch(n) {
case 0: System.out.println(0);
break;
case 1: System.out.println(1);
break;
case 2: System.out.println(2);
break;
case 3: System.out.println(3);
break;
case 4: System.out.println(4);
break;
case 5: System.out.println(5);
break;
case 6: System.out.println(6);
break;
case 7: System.out.println(7);
break;
case 8: System.out.println(8);
break;
case 9: System.out.println(9);
break;
case 100: System.out.println(10);
break;
case 110: System.out.println(10);
break;
case 120: System.out.println(10);
break;
case 130: System.out.println(10);
break;
case 140: System.out.println(10);
break;
case 150: System.out.println(10);
break;
case 160: System.out.println(10);
break;
case 170: System.out.println(10);
break;
case 180: System.out.println(10);
break;
case 190: System.out.println(10);
break;
case 200: System.out.println(10);
break;
case 210: System.out.println(10);
break;
case 220: System.out.println(10);
break;
default: System.out.println("test");
}
}
}
对应字节码;同样,仅显示相关部件:
public static void switcher(int);
Code:
0: iload_0
1: lookupswitch{ //23
0: 196;
1: 206;
2: 216;
3: 226;
4: 236;
5: 246;
6: 256;
7: 267;
8: 278;
9: 289;
100: 300;
110: 311;
120: 322;
130: 333;
140: 344;
150: 355;
160: 366;
170: 377;
180: 388;
190: 399;
200: 410;
210: 421;
220: 432;
default: 443 }
在第一种情况下,对于窄范围,编译后的字节码使用
在
如果存在稀疏值,并且您只有一个
public static void switcher(int);
Code:
0: iload_0
1: tableswitch{ //0 to 21
0: 104;
1: 114;
2: 124;
3: 134;
4: 144;
5: 154;
6: 164;
7: 175;
8: 186;
9: 197;
10: 219;
11: 219;
12: 219;
13: 219;
14: 219;
15: 219;
16: 219;
17: 219;
18: 219;
19: 219;
20: 219;
21: 208;
default: 219 }
所以编译器基本上创建了这个巨大的表,其中包含间隙之间的虚拟条目,指向
在开关的事例稀疏的情况下,tableswitch指令的表表示在空间方面变得低效。可以使用lookupswitch指令代替。lookupswitch指令将int键(case标签的值)与表中的目标偏移量配对。当执行lookupswitch指令时,开关表达式的值与表中的键进行比较。如果其中一个键与表达式的值匹配,则在关联的目标偏移量处继续执行。如果没有匹配的键,则在默认目标处继续执行。[...]