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function addName() {
  var div = document.createElement("div");
  div.innerHTML = document.getElementById('d1').value;
  document.getElementById("name").appendChild(div);
}

<div style="text-align:center;">
  <h3>- Students Name & Age -</h3>
  <input id="d1">
  <button class="button" onclick="addName()">Submit</button>
</div>
<div id="name"></div>

您可以使用onkeyup更新您按下的每个键的值

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print = document.getElementById('print');

function printfun(){
    print.innerHTML = document.getElementById('d1').value;
}

<div id="print"></div>

<div style="text-align:center;">
   <h3>- Students Name & Age -</h3>
   <input type="number" id="d1" onkeyup="printfun()">
   <button class="button" id="SubmitStudentInformation" onclick="addName()">Submit</button>
</div>

使用JavaScript:

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var addName = function() {
   alert(document.getElementById('d1').value);
}

<div style="text-align:center;">
   <h3>- Students Name & Age -</h3>
   <input id="d1">
   <button class="button" onclick="addName()">Submit</button>
</div>